Additional Resources

Common Abbreviations and Metric Conversions - This page includes many of the common abbreviations used in water and watewater treatment. It also includes an extensive list of metric-to-standard and standard-to-metric conversions.

ASB Microbiology Supplement to Lesson 4 - This collection of pages includes descriptions of each of the major groups of higher life forms found in ASBs, such as amoeba, flagellates, ciliates, and rotifers. Example photographs are included.

Historical Overview of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents -- Environment Canada Website http://www.nwri.ca/synopsis/section1-e.html

This brief article outlines Canada's efforts to reform water quality regulation as it applies to the pulp and paper industry. In 1992, the Canadian government passed the Pulp and Paper Regulatory Framework consisting of the Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations (PPER) under the Fisheries Act and two regulations under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. The PPER revoked and replaced an earlier set of regulations passed in 1971. A major deficiency of the 1971 regulations, was that they were only legally binding on new mills built after the regulation’s November 2, 1971 promulgation date. The new regulations were designed to ensure that all mills were subject to regulatory requirements. The PPER sets discharge limits for BOD, TSS and prohibits the discharge of effluent that is acutely lethal to rainbow trout. The CEPA regulations were designed to ensure that chlorinated dioxins and furans were not formed during pulp bleaching. The Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans Regulations prohibit the release of measurable concentration of the 2,3,7,8 chlorinated dioxin and furan in effluent from mills that use chlorine or chlorine dioxide to bleach pulp. The Pulp and Paper Mill Defoamer and Wood Chip Regulations, impose quality requirements for defoamers used in chlorine bleaching processes and prohibit the manufacture of pulp from wood chips treated with polychlorinated phenols (OECD, 1999).

An Industry Overview of Pulp and Paper Mills (US EPA EnviroSense)
http://es.epa.gov/techinfo/facts/pulppapr.html

This article discusses the pulp and paper industry from the perspective of hazardous waste. The paper industry is composed of several sectors, including:

• Pulp and paper mills. which produce mechanical, thermomechanical and chemical pulps and process these pulps to form paper, paperboard, or building papers
• Converting operations, which manufacture boxes, tablets, and other finished paper products.

Not all pulp and paper mills or converting operations generate hazardous waste. If, however, facilities usingstrong acids and bases, toxic organic chemicals, paints and adhesives, ink, or solvents, the waste associated with using these materials might be hazardous waste. Mills generating hazardous waste might be subject to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requirements covering the generation, transportation. and management of hazardous waste.

Wastewater Treatment in Pulp and Paper Mills (Ray Kenny and Penja Chitchumroonchokchai) http://library.kmitnb.ac.th/article/atc38/atc00027.html

This article is an excellent brief overview of wastewater treatment in the pulp and paper industry co-authored by a well-known Canadian consultant, Ray Kenny.